// Land · Agriculture · Environment · Data

CULTIVATED
Lab

Land  ·  Agriculture  ·  Environment  ·  Data

We use satellite observations, computational modeling, and machine learning to understand how land, water, and climate interact — from individual fields to the entire planet.

University of Wisconsin–Madison Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies
01 —

Research

🛰️

Remote Sensing of Agriculture

Mapping crop types, irrigated areas, and agricultural dynamics from space using multi-temporal satellite imagery (Landsat, MODIS, Sentinel). Developing methods that work at field scale and across continents.

💧

Water Resources & Irrigation

Quantifying irrigation water use, evapotranspiration, and land-atmosphere feedbacks. Applications span the US, Middle East, Central Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Contributing to OpenET and related data products.

🌾

Crop Yield Estimation

Developing data-driven and model-based methods to estimate crop yields at field and regional scales, combining satellite observations with machine learning and process-based crop models.

🌲

Land Cover & Forest Change

Detecting forest disturbance, post-Soviet farmland abandonment, and land cover transitions across large regions using Landsat time series and advanced classification algorithms including Support Vector Machines.

🌡️

Climate & Food Security

Assessing climate change impacts on crop productivity, snow water availability, and watershed hydrology. Studies span Turkey, Ethiopia, the Mekong Delta, Sri Lanka, and the US Midwest.

🤖

Machine Learning & Cloud Computing

Applying deep learning, Random Forests, and Google Earth Engine to large-area remote sensing problems. Developing generalizable classifiers that operate across diverse environments with limited training data.

02 —

People

Mutlu Özdoğan

Director, CULTIVATED Lab

Associate Professor

Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology · Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies · UW–Madison

Dr. Özdoğan's research focuses on the application of satellite remote sensing to understand interactions among land use, water resources, climate, and agriculture. His work spans scales from individual farm fields to global mapping efforts, with active projects in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. He has published over 50 peer-reviewed articles and led numerous NASA, World Bank, and CGIAR-funded projects.

He teaches remote sensing, environmental modeling, and GIS at UW–Madison, and has trained researchers across four continents through field workshops and international training programs.

Current & Former Students

Selected graduate advisees (* denotes student co-authorship on publications)

Aparna Phalke
PhD — Cropland Mapping
Yanghui Kang
PhD — Crop Yield & LAI
Michael Eggen
PhD — Ethiopia / Food Security
Caitlin Kontgis
PhD — Mekong Delta / Rice
Matthias Baumann
PhD — Post-Soviet Land Change
Marc Mayes
MS — Soil Carbon / Turkey
Kelly Wendland
PhD — Russia / Timber Harvest
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Publications

2026
*Phalke, A., Özdoğan, M., and Filchev, L.
The Peak Value Method (PVM): A Phenology-Guided, Training-Independent Approach for Large-Area Time-Series Winter Wheat Mapping
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 64 · DOI →
2025
Özdoğan, M., Wang, S., Ghose, D., Fraga, E.P., Fernandes, A.M., and Varela, V.
Field-scale rice area and yield mapping in Sri Lanka with optical remote sensing and limited training data
Remote Sensing, 17, 3065 · DOI →
2024
Beal, M., Özdoğan, M., Block, P.
A Machine Learning and Remote Sensing-based Model for Algae Pigment and Dissolved Oxygen Retrieval on a Small Inland Lake
Water Resources Research, 60(3), e2023WR035744 · DOI →
Yoh, N., et al., Özdoğan, M., et al.
Impacts of logging, hunting, and conservation on vocalizing biodiversity in Gabon
Biological Conservation · DOI →
Başakın, E.E., Stoy, P.C., Demirel, M.C., Özdoğan, M., and Otkin, J.A.
Combined Drought Index Using High-Resolution Hydrological Models and Explainable Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Türkiye
Remote Sensing, 16(20):3799 · DOI →
2022
Turlej, K., Özdoğan, M., and Radeloff, V.C.
Mapping forest types over large areas with Landsat imagery partially affected by clouds and SLC gaps
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 107:102689 · DOI →
2021
Melton, F.S., et al., Özdoğan, M., et al.
OpenET: Filling a critical data gap in water management for the western United States
JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association · DOI →
*Kang, Y., Özdoğan, M., Gao, F., Anderson, M.C., et al.
A data-driven approach to estimate leaf area index for Landsat images over the contiguous US
Remote Sensing of Environment, 258:112383 · DOI →
Ma, Y., Zhang, Z., Kang, Y., and Özdoğan, M.
Corn yield prediction and uncertainty analysis based on remotely sensed variables using a Bayesian neural network approach
Remote Sensing of Environment, 259:112408 · DOI →
Nath, B., Ni-Meister, W., and Özdoğan, M.
Fine-Scale Urban Heat Patterns in New York City Measured by ASTER Satellite – The Role of Complex Spatial Structures
Remote Sensing, 13(19):3797 · DOI →
2020
*Phalke, A.R., Özdoğan, M., et al.
Mapping croplands of Europe, Middle East, Russia, and Central Asia using Landsat, Random Forest, and Google Earth Engine
ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 167:104–122 · DOI →
*Kang, Y., Özdoğan, M., et al.
Comparative assessment of environmental variables and machine learning algorithms for maize yield prediction in the US Midwest
Environmental Research Letters, 15(6):064005 · DOI →
2019
*Kang, Y. and Özdoğan, M.
Field-level Crop Yield Mapping with Landsat Using A Hierarchical Data Assimilation Approach
Remote Sensing of Environment, 228:144–163 · DOI →
*Eggen, M., Özdoğan, M., et al.
Vulnerability of sorghum production to extreme, sub-seasonal weather under climate change
Environmental Research Letters · DOI →
*Kontgis, C., Schneider, A., Özdoğan, M., et al.
Climate change impacts on rice productivity in the Mekong River Delta
Applied Geography, 102:71–83 · DOI →
2018
*Phalke, A. and Özdoğan, M.
Large area cropland extent mapping with Landsat data and a generalized classifier
Remote Sensing of Environment, 219:180–195 · DOI →
Özdoğan, M., Baird, I., and Dwyer, M.
The Role of Remote Sensing for Understanding Large-Scale Rubber Concession Expansion in Southern Laos
Land, 7(2):55 · DOI →
2017
*Baumann, M., Özdoğan, M., Richardson, A.D., and Radeloff, V.C.
Phenology from Landsat when data is scarce: Using MODIS and Dynamic Time-Warping to combine multi-year Landsat imagery to derive annual phenology curves
Int. J. Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 54:72–83 · DOI →
2016
*Kang, Y., Özdoğan, M., et al.
How Universal is the Relationship between Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices and Crop Leaf Area Index? A Global Assessment
Remote Sensing, 8(7):597 · DOI →
2015
*Kontgis, C., Schneider, A., and Özdoğan, M.
Mapping rice paddy extent and intensification in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta with dense time stacks of Landsat data
Remote Sensing of Environment, 169:255–269 · DOI →
2014
*Liu, M.W., Özdoğan, M., and Zhu, J.
Mapping crop types using data from multiple different resolutions simultaneously
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 52(6):3637–3649 · DOI →
Özdoğan, M.
Automated forest disturbance mapping with Support Vector Machines and incomplete training data
PLOS One, 9(4):e78438 · DOI →
2012
Özdoğan, M., Robock, A., and Kucharik, C.
Consequences of a Regional Nuclear Conflict for Crop Production in the Midwestern United States
Climatic Change · DOI →
2011
Özdoğan, M.
Exploring the potential contribution of irrigation to global agricultural primary productivity
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 25:GB3016 · DOI →
Özdoğan, M.
Climate change impacts on snow water availability in the Euphrates-Tigris basin
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15:2789–2803 · DOI →
2010
Özdoğan, M., Rodell, M., Kato, H., and Toll, D.
Simulating the effects of irrigation over the United States in land surface model based on satellite derived agricultural data
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 11(1):171–184 · DOI →
Özdoğan, M.
The spatial distribution of crop types from MODIS data: Temporal unmixing using Independent Component Analysis
Remote Sensing of Environment, 114:1190–1204 · DOI →
Özdoğan, M., Yang, Y., Allez, G., and Cervantes, C.
Remote sensing of irrigated agriculture: Opportunities and challenges – A Review
Remote Sensing, 2:2274–2304 · DOI →
2008
Özdoğan, M. and Gutman, G.
A new methodology to map irrigated areas using multi-temporal MODIS and ancillary data: An application example in the Continental US
Remote Sensing of Environment, 112:3520–3537 · DOI →
2006
Özdoğan, M. and Woodcock, C.E.
Resolution dependent errors in remote sensing of cultivated areas
Remote Sensing of Environment, 103:203–217 · DOI →
Özdoğan, M., Salvucci, G.D., and Anderson, B.T.
Examination of the Complementary Relationship within a mesoscale climate model
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 7(2):235–251 · DOI →
2004
Özdoğan, M. and Salvucci, G.D.
Irrigation-induced changes in potential evapotranspiration in Southeastern Turkey: Test and application of Bouchet's complementary hypothesis
Water Resources Research, 40:W04301 · DOI →
04 —

Code & Software

Google Earth Engine · Python

Global Cropland Mapping Pipeline

A generalized Landsat-based classifier for mapping cropland extent across large, diverse regions with limited labeled training data. Applied across Europe, the Middle East, Russia, and Central Asia.

→ View on GitHub
Python · R

Hierarchical Crop Yield Data Assimilation

Framework for field-level crop yield estimation combining Landsat imagery with DSSAT crop model outputs through a hierarchical Bayesian data assimilation scheme.

→ View on GitHub
Python · GEE

Peak Value Method (PVM) — Wheat Mapping

A phenology-guided, training-independent algorithm for time-series winter wheat detection at large scales. Published in IEEE TGRS 2026.

→ View paper and code
IDL · MATLAB

MODIS ICA Crop Type Unmixing

Temporal unmixing code using Independent Component Analysis to derive sub-pixel crop type fractions from MODIS time series. Described in RSE 2010.

→ Contact for access

Additional code and scripts are available on request. Please email Dr. Özdoğan at [email protected].

05 —

Datasets

2021

Global Cropland-Extent Product at 30-m Resolution (GCEP30)

Global 30-m resolution cropland extent map derived from Landsat time-series data for 2015 using multiple machine learning algorithms on Google Earth Engine. Published as USGS Professional Paper 1868.

2021

OpenET Evapotranspiration — Western US

Field-scale ET estimates for irrigated agriculture across the western United States, generated from an ensemble of satellite-based ET models. Supports water rights and irrigation management decisions.

2022

Three Decades of Forest Cover Change in Senegal

Time-series analysis of tree cover dynamics in Senegal spanning 1990–2020, derived from Landsat archives. Published as a CGIAR Professional Paper.

2017

MODIS-Derived US Crop Type Distribution

Multi-year, conterminous US crop type distribution product derived from MODIS phenology, covering major commodity crops at 500-m resolution.

2020

Cropland Extent — Europe, Middle East & Central Asia

Large-area cropland extent maps at Landsat resolution for Europe, the Middle East, Russia, and Central Asia, generated with Random Forest classifiers in Google Earth Engine.

2008

Irrigated Areas of the Continental United States

Annual irrigated area maps for the CONUS derived from multi-temporal MODIS data and USDA ancillary information. Widely used as benchmark for land surface model validation.